GNAS and malignant colon neoplasm: APC, SMAD4 (SMAD family member 4), NF1 (neurofibromin 1), ARID5B, NCOR1 (nuclear receptor co-repressor 1), IGFR1R (insulin like growth factor 1 receptor) and GNAS (GNAS complex locus) were the most often mutated genes in patient-derived colon cancer cells, YUMC-C1 and YUMC-C2 (Figure 1E, right panel).