APC, SMAD4, NF1 (neurofibromin 1), ARID5B, NCOR1 (nuclear receptor corepressor 1), IGFR1R (insulin like growth factor 1 receptor) and GNAS (GNAS complex locus) were the most often mutated genes in patient-derived colon cancer cells (Figure 1E, left panel). Here, SMAD4 is linked to malignant colon neoplasm.