Many other factors of different natures contribute to the pathogenesis, growth and spread of BC through TME acidification, such as hormones like estrogens, insulin, prolactin and sex steroids, growth factors like IGF1, EGF, VEGF and PDGF, as well as ion channels, cytokines and certain interleukins, apart from genetic abnormalities. Here, IGF1 is linked to breast cancer.