VCAM1 and atherosclerosis: Tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) can inhibit endothelial cell proliferation, activate the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signalling pathway, induce the expression of intercellular adhesion molecules such as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, and promote monocyte infiltration to participate in the inflammatory pathological process of atherosclerosis (AS) [46,47,48].