CPE and gastrointestinal disease: In human food poisoning, the cpe gene is localized in a variable region of the chromosome carrying the IS1470 sequence, while in bacteria isolated from human cases of non-food borne gastrointestinal disease or from infected animals, the cpe gene is localized on plasmids and is flanked by the IS1470-like sequence or the IS1151 sequence [21,50,51].