In the pre-GWAS era, this had led to directly investigate associations between genes involved in oxidative stress defenses and AMD [61]; however, so far, AMD has not been linked to CYP1A1. Interestingly, in an animal model for AMD retinal CYP1A1 mRNA expression was found to be decreased when compared to control animals [62]. Here, CYP1A1 is linked to age-related macular degeneration.