Moreover, the present study may provide novel insights into the underlying mechanisms and indicate that suppressing the HMGB1/RAGE/NF-κB/TGF-β1/TGF-β1R/FN signaling pathway and HIF-1α activation via Sirt-1, GLP-1R, and Nrf2/HO-1 dependence may contribute to the therapeutic effects of oligo-FO on DN (Figure 6B). Here, TGFB1 is linked to liver dysplastic nodule.