KEGG pathway analysis revealed several pathways with relevance to autism and glucose metabolism, which included mTOR signaling, TNF signaling, oxytocin signaling pathway and insulin signaling pathways in hypomethylated regions; whereas the phosphatidylinositol signaling, MAPK signaling, Hippo signaling and Wnt signaling in hypermethylated regions in aged sperm (Figure 5D; Supplementary Table 4). This evidence concerns the gene INS and autism.