DSP and non-small cell lung carcinoma: As shown in Fig. 5d, e, DPI and Apo did not influence cell viability or LDH cytotoxicity in NSCLC cells, whereas PPZ023 and Apo/PPZ023 decreased cell viability and increased LDH release, respectively; however, DPI/PPZ023 dramatically inhibited PPZ023-mediated reduced cell viability and enhanced LDH release.