Upstream regulator analysis with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) carried out separately on CoV and ORV infection response genes showed that the top cytokines and transcription factors that may regulate these infections are largely shared between the two virus families, which included IFNG, IFNA2, STAT1, IFNL1, and IRF7 (Fig. 7d). Here, STAT1 is linked to infection.