Taken together, these aspects point to specific involvement of the κ-OR pathway in renal damage through an effect on podocyte and reveal a potential link to mechanisms of opioid-induced damage in CKD and renal failure (Barbosa-Leiker et al, 2016; Novick et al, 2016; Mallappallil et al, 2017). This evidence concerns the gene OPRK1 and Renal insufficiency.