CAFs promote angiogenesis via the production of pro-angiogenic factors such as fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and contribute to immune surveillance in tumour cells by recruiting immunosuppressive cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and M2 macrophages [9–11]. Here, VEGFA is linked to neoplasm.