TLR4 and lip and oral cavity carcinoma: However, some studies have found that F. nucleatum can lead to DNA damage and promote oral cancer cell proliferation by the ku70/p53 pathway (Geng et al., 2020); F. nucleatum can also activate Toll-like receptor 4 signaling to Nuclear Factor-κB and increase the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells (Yang et al., 2017).