PDCD1 and renal cell carcinoma: Two PD-1 inhibitors (nivolumab and pembrolizumab), three PD-L1 inhibitors (atezolizumab, durvalumab, and avelumab), and one CTLA-4 inhibitor (ipilimumab) have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for multiple types of malignancies, mainly containing advanced melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and renal cell carcinoma (RCC).