IL1B and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Partlová et al. (29) reported no statistically significant differences in cytokine production in cell culture supernatants derived from HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC, although HPV-positive samples produced higher levels of IL-2, IL-17, IL-23, and IFNγ and slightly lower levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα compared to HPV-negative samples.