31 In this study, we identified a broad upregulation of well-known DAMPs in the MSCs transplanted in the MI heart, including HMGB2, S100 proteins, and several cytokines and chemokines, which suggests MSCs' potential involvement in the early stage of inflammation. It is known that, amongst other modulatory effects of MSCs, the pro-inflammatory effect of MSCs is beneficial during early phases of inflammation whereas their anti-inflammatory effects are useful during later phases when excessive immune activation would cause tissue damage 32. The gene discussed is HMGB2; the disease is myocardial infarction.