VEGFA and neoplasm: However, under the pathological conditions of a tumor, inflammation, infection, trauma, autoimmune disease, etc., various factors can contribute to the formation of MDSCs; vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL)-4, and other cytokines can block IMC differentiation (9).