To this end, we estimated systemic levels of pancreatic hormones (insulin, glucagon and C-peptide), incretins (Ghrelin, GIP, GLP-1), adipokines (adiponectin, adipsin, resistin, leptin, visfatin and PAI-1) and a variety of cytokines, including Type-1 (IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α), Type-17 (IL-17A and IL-22), Type-2/regulatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-10) and other pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and GM-CSF) in those with obesity with or without concomitant Ss infection. The gene discussed is SERPINE1; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.