Subsequently, we sought to examine the influence of Ss infection on the systemic levels of Type-1 (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2), Type-17 (IL-17A and IL-22), Type-2 (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13), regulatory (IL-10) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and GM-CSF) in INF and UN individuals. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and infection.