In agreement with these findings, in human tumors there are various reports of extremely aggressive G-CSF producing tumors in multiple cancer types, such as lung cancer (18, 19), cervical cancer (20), meningioma (21), melanoma (22), breast cancer (8) and prostate cancer (23), demonstrating the important and modulatory effect of G-CSF in tumor progression and metastasis. The gene discussed is CSF3; the disease is meningioma.