CXCL1 and Gastrointestinal dysmotility: Lactobacillus acidophilus can decrease intestinal damage caused by 5-FU (applied at a dose of 450 mg/kg) by inhibiting the signaling of the NF-κB pathway, reducing levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL-1); reversion in gastrointestinal dysmotility and increased gastric emptying and intestinal transit were observed (Justino et al., 2015).