TNF and myocardial infarction: While these findings and studies showing that TNF-α knockout mice have decreased inflammation and improvements in cardiac remodeling and function following myocardial infarction suggest TNF-α neutralization would be beneficial in the injured heart, this has not been the case (Maekawa et al., 2002; Berthonneche et al., 2004; Sugano et al., 2004; Sun et al., 2004).