TGFB1 and retinal disorder: The involvement of dysregulated autophagy and TGF-β signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of diabetes and arising complications including cardiomyopathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy, has been reported in several studies (Jung et al., 2008; Levine and Kroemer, 2008; Al-Mulla et al., 2011; Bartolomé et al., 2014).