For this aim, electronic databases including “Scopus,” “PubMed,” and “Cochrane Library” were searched using the keywords (“Autophagy” OR “mTORC” OR “LC3” OR “ATG” OR “TGFβ (TGF-beta)” OR “SMAD”) [all field] AND (“diabetes” OR “hyperglycemia”) [title/abstract/keyword]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to diabetes mellitus.