INS and Insulin resistance: The changes of amyloid precursors into amyloid-β and tangles of amyloid-β in the hippocampus are involved in the development and progression of Alzheimer’s diseases.(32) The major cause is the attenuation of hippocampal insulin signaling and potentiation of tau phosphorylation.(33) The brain insulin sensitivity was partly consistent with peripheral insulin sensitivity.(34) IMF, but not KD, improved systemic insulin sensitivity measured by IPITT but HOMA-IR, representing insulin resistance in the fasting state, was higher in AD-IMF than AD-KD in the present study.