INS and Alzheimer disease: KD induces ketosis, but its effects on energy, glucose, and lipid metabolism are inconsistent.(12) In our previous studies,(13,14) IMF decreased epididymal fat pads by increasing energy expenditure in young rats but IMF, especially with HF diets, increased insulin resistance, possibly by attenuating hepatic insulin signaling.(13) However, in AD-induced estrogen-deficient rats, IMF protected against the deterioration of memory function and lipid metabolism in AD-induced estrogen-deficient rats.(14) However, IMF might be associated with disturbances in the gut microbiome.