On the other hand, NF-κB activation in various cell types of the tumor microenvironment, especially myeloid cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts, promotes tumor growth and dissemination through the production of cytokines (with TNF-α and IL-6 being the best-understood pro-tumorigenic NF-κB targets), chemokines, and pro-angiogenic factors58. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and cancer.