MMP9 and neoplasm: For example, periostin has pro-angiogenic functions194; tenascin-C and fibronectin have both pro- and anti-angiogenic functions depending on context195 (reviewed in Obberghen-Schilling196), and thrombospondin-1 inhibits MMP-9 activation and angiogenesis and thereby suppresses spontaneous tumour development197 (reviewed in Lawler and Lawler198).