TLR4 and inflammatory bowel disease: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), muramyl-dipeptide (MDP), T-cell receptor and costimulation (αCD3/αCD28 coated beads) and IL-10 signalling blockade were used alone or in combination based on the concept that innate pathogen recognition receptor responses in particular, NOD214and TLR4,20 T-cell responses and IL-10 signalling defects are implicated by multiple genetic IBD susceptibility loci and Mendelian forms of IBD.21 We performed microarray gene expression analysis of all conditions at 16 hours following stimulation in the presence or absence of IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) blocking antibodies.