In individuals without intestinal inflammation, our network analysis suggested that IL23A expression was likely derived from terminal ileal MALT because the lymphocyte differentiation to which it was assigned also showed strong correlations with orthologues of genes associated with murine small intestine lymphoid tissue (SILT), including IL22RA2, ITGAX27 as well as with VCAM1, which is a marker of lymphoid-associated villi in humans (online supplemental figure 5B). This evidence concerns the gene IL23A and gastroenteritis.