This signature predicts both diagnosis of CD and resistance to anti-TNF treatment similar to previously described OSM expression.18 Although derived from analysis of ileal inflammation in CD, this signature was also able to predict anti-TNF failure from the transcriptional profiles of colonic samples in UC, suggesting a common role for hyperinflammatory monocytes in treatment-resistant disease in both IBD subtypes. Here, TNF is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.