TLR3 and cancer: In addition to orchestrating inflammatory and immune responses, triggering TLR3 signaling by TLR3 ligands has been reported to directly kill various cancer cells such as breast cancer [18, 19], melanoma [20, 21], renal cell carcinoma (RCC) [22], prostate cancer [23, 24], nasopharyngeal carcinoma [25, 26], multiple myeloma [27], head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) [28–30], hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [31], neuroblastoma [32], non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [33–35], and mesothelioma [36].