Therefore, we hypothesized that the combination treatment in the presence of zVAD-fmk (Poly(I:C)/Smac/zVAD-fmk) could switch cell death mode to necroptosis in CCA cells-expressing RIPK3, since caspase inhibition has previously been reported to cause a switch from apoptosis to necroptosis [62]. The gene discussed is RIPK3; the disease is cholangiocarcinoma.