Other known factors produced by cancer cells which stimulate TECs (tumor endothelial cells) are bFGF (basic fibroblasts growth factor), TGFα and TGFβ (transforming growth factor α and β), TNFα (tumor necrosis factor), PDGF (platelet-derived endothelial growth factor), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, placental growth factor, IL-8, hepatocyte growth factor, and EGF (epidermal growth factor). Here, TNF is linked to cancer.