Type 3 luminal cells exhibited high expression of C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 (CCL3), C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 1 (CXCL1) and Dickkopf WNT Signaling Pathway Inhibitor 1 (DKK1), which have been reported to have an increased expression level in PCa and relate to the occurrence of bone metastases and invasiveness in PCa (Supplementary Fig. 3C, F) [30–32]. Here, CCL3 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.