This is also the first study showing TLR5-RelB signalling for a clinical isolate of P. histicola. Furthermore, we have identified a role for IKKα in the regulation of inflammation in response to infection with P. histicola and this may explain the correlation between elevated levels of anaerobes in the microbiome and better lung function in CF patients [29]. The gene discussed is TLR5; the disease is cystic fibrosis.