TNF and COVID-19: Recent studies have shown that an increase in serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukins (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and IL-12, is associated with the pulmonary inflammation and extensive lung damage previously seen in SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections, and currently in COVID-19 [6, 11–14].