In view that angiotensin II and aldosterone are well-established mediators of CKD progression3,4,53, while vasopressin and norepinephrine are vasopressors often used to boost organ perfusion and prevent AKI in shock patients60, it is possible that differential regulation of RA/RAR activity in the CD may be a novel determinant in their differing roles in AKI and CKD, in addition to their systemic effects on blood pressure. The gene discussed is RARA; the disease is acute kidney injury.