TXN and cancer: The ‘hyper-metabolism’ of cancer cells causes the excessive generation of ROS.370 ROS contribute to tumorigenesis through multiple processes, including causing oxidative DNA damage, genomic instability and inflammatory stress to drive malignant transformation, and acting as a messenger to regulate signaling pathways to support tumor initiation, development, and angiogenesis.142,261,272,371–374 Cancer cells build a complicate and powerful antioxidant system, such as the GSH and Trx systems, to adapt to the high ROS levels.