This would explain why the upregulated PD-L1 has been shown to more frequently occur in EGFR-TKI-resistant carcinoma cells.365,367,373,374 From the above studies, it can be reasonably assumed that the two therapies—targeted therapy (EGFR-TKIs, BRAF inhibitors, etc.)and immunotherapy (PD-1/PD-L1 or CTLA-4 blockade), when combined, could be a potential approach for improving outcomes for patients with resistance to either therapy alone. Here, EGFR is linked to carcinoma.