The aim was to determine the lifetime cost-effectiveness of managing localised prostate cancer according to the following sub-groups: i) age: less than 65 years old, 65 years and older; ii) the D’Amico prostate cancer risk stratification groups: low (PSA < 10 ng/ml, Gleason score < =6, T1c/T2a) or intermediate/high risk ((PSA > =10 ng/ml & < 20 ng/ml, Gleason score 3 + 4 = 7 or 4 + 3 = 7, T2b) or (PSA > =20 ng/ml, Gleason score > =8, T2c)) [4] and iii) by Gleason Grade Group (GGG): low: GGG 1; or intermediate/high risk (GGG > =2) [6]. Here, KLK3 is linked to prostate cancer.