It is well documented that oxLDL is a critical risk factor for atherosclerosis and osteogenic differentiation of VSMCs, which may induce osteogenesis through the activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) derived signaling via NK-κB or through the activation of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β pathway [53,54]. This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and atherosclerosis.