TNF and colitis: Furthermore, Dai and colleagues [79] administered a probiotic including Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, and one Streptococcus species in a rat model of colitis and found that treatment similarly induced production of IL-10 (anti-inflammatory), but concurrently, reduced production of pro-inflammatory analytes (e.g., TNF-α and IL-6 in colon and serum).