SOCS3 and bacterial infectious disease: This is in contrast to stimulation of DCs with conventional E. coli LPS, where we observed rapid upregulation of both SOCS1 and SOCS3. The synchronized regulation of SOCS1 and SOCS3 expression in DCs and macrophages has been reported by numerous studies employing purified TLR agonists, like LPS or CpG [57, 58], but also in response to bacterial infection with pathogens, including Salmonella enterica, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis [59–61].