CTLA4 and melanoma: Several clinical trials in various types of malignancies, such as melanoma, head and neck, triple negative breast, lung, kidney and bladder cancer, have demonstrated that administration of mAbs, which inhibit the interaction of immunoregulatory checkpoint molecules, such as CTLA-4 and PD-1, with their ligands CD80, CD86, and PD-L1, can have a major and lasting effect on their clinical course, significantly improving clinical outcomes as compared with standard chemotherapy [208].