AR and Familial prostate cancer: Although androgen receptors (ARs) and the androgen signaling axis were the traditional focus for prostate cancer research and clinical therapy development [5,6,7,8], genome-wide assays have identified multiple highly penetrant genes (HPGs) and high-risk single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with prostate cancer risk in the prostate cancer-diagnosed genome [9,10,11].