Plasma Dkk-3 and CAF22 levels were higher in patients with COPD (≈24% and ≈93%, respectively, p < 0.05) and asthma (≈17% and ≈70%, respectively, p < 0.05), while the plasma CAF22 levels were elevated in patients with pulmonary TB (≈42%, p < 0.05) compared to healthy controls. Here, DKK3 is linked to asthma.