PTGS2 and inflammation: Activated M1-polarized microglia can produce proinflammatory mediators such as inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), proinflammatory cytokines, and elevated secretions of neurotoxic factors, and thus contribute to brain inflammation, which might lead to neuronal degeneration [3, 5].