Unlike isoform-independent lipoprotein(a) molar concentration, the associations of apolipoprotein(a), and by extension isoform-dependent measurements, with ASCVD may be confounded by pleiotropic effects on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides.19 In some cases, the genetic determinants of elevated lipoprotein(a) may help discern the familial risk of lipoprotein(a)-associated ASCVD that is not always conclusive from lipoprotein(a) measurement alone. The gene discussed is LPA; the disease is atherosclerosis.