Consistent with the primary patient data (Figs. 2 and 4d–f), the expression of the glioma-derived IL-33 in vivo resulted in an increase in the abundance of arginase 1 (Arg1)-positive cells, indicative of a pro-tumorigenic macrophage population (Fig. 5a, b), while the Iba1+ cells in the absence of the nuclear localization (ΔNLS) did not express Arg1 implying that the macrophage recruited by glioma cells expressing this mutant have an M1 anti-tumorigenic phenotype that may mediate tumor cell clearance and regression of the ΔNLS tumors in vivo (Fig. 3c and Supplementary Fig. 3c). Here, AIF1 is linked to central nervous system cancer.