INS and serum lipopolysaccharide activity: Our results demonstrated that the administration of L. paracasei HII01 at a dose of 108 CFU/day for 12 weeks effectively resulted in the following: (1) reduction in fasting plasma glucose, insulin, leptin and lipids levels as well as improvement in glucose intolerance; (2) improvement of PI3K/Akt signaling and AMPK activation, which are involved in enhancing the rate of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake of the isolated hemi-diaphragm; (3) modulation of gut microbiota and subsequent amelioration of plasma endotoxemia.