In the sera of stroke patients, levels of serum-derived EVs harbouring IL-1β, IL-18, ASC and caspase 1 were significantly elevated [12], whilst the same group later reported that ASC-containing EVs from traumatic brain injury patients could propagate inflammatory signalling by inducing inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in lung endothelial cells [53]. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and stroke disorder.