HSPD1 and arthritic joint disease: Furthermore, i.n. immunization imparted 100% protection inducing the highest levels of systemic and secretory IgA, indicating a positive effect of this route in the protection against Shigella. Moreover, using GroEL as adjuvant avoids the several side effects that are caused by other adjuvants, such as excessive inflammation, arthritis, and other toxic effects of CFA observed in primates [29,53,54], and it has an advantage over alum adjuvant which only stimulates humoral immunity [55].