SNCA and synucleinopathy: Furthermore, as already mentioned, neuroinflammation is a key mediator of α-synuclein-related toxicity, since microglia and astroglia activation, gliosis and increased secretion of pro-inflammatory factors are often observed in synucleinopathies (Nagatsu and Sawada, 2005; Politis et al., 2012; Tufekci et al., 2012; Fellner and Stefanova, 2013; Kaufman et al., 2013).