More particularly, the detection of SQSTM1/p62 and, in some cases, of LC3 (but not of more mature lysosomal markers) and of the autophagic adaptor protein NBR1 within GCIs together with α-synuclein suggests a possible initial induction of macroautophagy and a subsequent defect in macroautophagy maturation in MSA brains (Chiba et al., 2012; Odagiri et al., 2012; Schwarz et al., 2012; Tanji et al., 2013). This evidence concerns the gene SNCA and multiple system atrophy.