TNF and Parkinson disease: Increased pro-inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1-β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been shown in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and in the striatum of human PD brains (Mogi et al., 1994a,b; Vawter et al., 1996; Nagatsu et al., 2000), supporting a chronic pro-inflammatory milieu in the brain of PD patients.