Additionally, given that caffeine can cross the blood-brain barrier and SIRT3 plays a vital role in manipulating oxidative stress in various cells and tissues (Yeh et al., 2014; Chan et al., 2016; Khan et al., 2019), we speculate that caffeine can target SIRT3 to protect against other oxidative stress-induced diseases, such as liver damage, diabetes, and neurological diseases. Here, SIRT3 is linked to diabetes mellitus.