The combination treatment caused increased secretion of CCL2, CCL21, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL5, CXCL9 and CXCL16, whereas the levels of CCL11, CCL17, CCL19, CCL22, CCL25, CCL27 and CX3CL1, which are associated with protumourigenic effects, were decreased in the tumours (Fig. 6e, Table S1, Supporting information). Here, CXCL1 is linked to neoplasm.