TNF and glioblastoma: Minocycline has been proposed to have several anticancer mechanisms of action in GBM, including inhibition of proinflammatory and metastatic enzymes, such as iNOS and MT1-MMP signaling functions, GFAP, COX-2, NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α downregulation, autophagic cell death induction, caspase-3 activation, suppression of microglia activation, inhibition of M1 microglia polarization, p38 MAPK inhibition, inhibition of EGFR-driven STAT-3 activation, and targeting the TLR2 signaling pathway.